Mohs Hardness - 5.5-6.5

Found in – Australia

History – Opal is a semi-transparent solidified mineral composed of silicon and water. Boulder opal refers to a clear water opal with brilliant color play and a distinctive dark chocolate brown ironstone matrix. This opal was formed when silica-bearing steam was forced into cracks in ironstone boulders and then mineralized. The name opal is derived from the Latin opalus and Sanskrit upala meaning “precious stone”. The Greek term opallios translates "to see a change in color". The oldest known opal mine is in Czechoslovakia and dates to 14th century. Popularity of opal suffered in 19th century partially due to Sir Walter Scott's novel of a cursed stone and was thought to be bad luck. Queen Victoria promoted the stone in 1800s by giving opal jewelry to her children. In the middle ages, the stone was thought to make the wearer invisible, and was highly recommended to thieves. Today, Australia is major source for opal and supplies abt 85% of the world’s opal. It is a rather soft stone and needs care with handling. Do not immerse in hot water or a sonic cleaner. Opal is graded by size/cut/rarity/base color/fire color/fire intensity/fire pattern and fire consistency.

Metaphysical – said to assist in recalling past incarnations, to develop psychic powers,bring out inner beauty, and draw money and luck

Mohs Hardness - 5.5-6.5

Found in – Australia, Austria, Honduras, Brazil, Mexico, Zimbabwe, and the USA.

History – Opal is a semi-transparent solidified mineral composed of silicon and water. Some of the more common opal can be found with dendrites of black manganese throughout the stone. This material is usually a yellowish gold with black tree-like formations in the stone. It is usually cut as a cabochon and shows no play of color. The name opal is derived from the Latin opalus and Sanskrit upala meaning “precious stone”. The Greek term opallios translates "to see a change in color". The oldest known opal mine is in Czechoslovakia and dates to 14th century. Popularity of opal suffered in 19th century partially due to Sir Walter Scott's novel of a cursed stone and was thought to be bad luck. Queen Victoria promoted the stone in 1800s by giving opal jewelry to her children. In the middle ages, the stone was thought to make the wearer invisible, and was highly recommended to thieves. It is a rather soft stone and needs care with handling. Do not immerse in hot water or a sonic cleaner.

Metaphysical – This type of opal is thought to be particularly effective in stimulating the production if insulin, regulating the metabolisn and strengthening the body’s immune system.

Mohs Hardness - 5.5-6.5

Found in – Mexico, Australia, Brazil, Denmark & Guatemala

History – Opal is a semi-transparent solidified mineral composed of silicon and water. Fire Opal refers to the bright yellow to red color of the stone, with the most popular shade being a bright orange. The color is due to iron oxide and it usually occurs in volcanic areas, it also tends to be lighter in weight than other types of opal and contains somewhat more water. This stone can be cut as a cabochon, but is usually faceted if there is no play of color showing. The name is derived from the Latin opalus and Sanskrit upala meaning “precious stone”. The Greek term opallios translates "to see a change in color". The oldest known opal mine is in Czechoslovakia and dates to 14th century. Popularity of opal suffered in 19th century partially due to Sir Walter Scott's novel of a cursed stone and was thought to be bad luck. Queen Victoria promoted the stone in 1800s by giving opal jewelry to her children. In the middle ages, the stone was thought to make the wearer invisible, and was highly recommended to thieves. It is a rather soft stone and needs care with handling. Do not immerse in hot water or use in a sonic cleaner.

Metaphysical – Thoughout history, fire opal has been thought to ge the stone of love and strength. It was a talsiman for explorers, and believed to ensure success and overcome danger. In Mondern times it is said to stimulate sexuality, and stabilize the blood, it also increases the wearer’s energy and enthusiasm.

Mohs Hardness - 5.5-6.5

Found in – Opal Butte, Oregon

History – Opal is a semi-transparent solidified mineral composed of silicon and water. Oregon Opal was found in in a remote site called Opal Butte, Oregon. It was accidentally discovered by a shepard over 100 years ago. It was originally marketed by Tiffany's and was avidly sought after at the turn of the century. Often transparent and tinged with shades of blue, red, yellow and violet. It shines best when faceted. The primary shade is a pale dusky blue. The name Opal is derived from the Latin opalus and Sanskrit upala meaning “precious stone”. The Greek term opallios translates "to see a change in color". The oldest known opal mine is in Czechoslovakia and dates to 14th century. Popularity of opal suffered in 19th century partially due to Sir Walter Scott's novel of a cursed stone and was thought to be bad luck. Queen Victoria promoted the stone in 1800s by giving opal jewelry to her children. In the middle ages, the stone was thought to make the wearer invisible, and was highly recommended to thieves. It is a rather soft stone and needs care with handling. Do not immerse in hot water or a sonic cleaner.

Metaphysical – reported to amplify positive emotions.

Mohs Hardness - 5.5-6.5

Found in – Peruvain Andes

History – Peruvian Opal Has only recently been available on the worldwide market, but was known as the ‘stone of hope” to the Incas and Aztec indians. They believed this stone to be the eyes of their gods, abandoned by them when they were forced to leave the earth. Opal is a semi-transparent solidified mineral composed of silicon and water. The name is derived from the Latin opalus and Sanskrit upala meaning “precious stone”. The Greek term opallios translates "to see a change in color". The oldest known opal mine is in Czechoslovakia and dates to 14th century. Popularity of opal suffered in 19th century partially due to Sir Walter Scott's novel of a cursed stone and was thought to be bad luck. Queen Victoria promoted the stone in 1800s by giving opal jewelry to her children. In the middle ages, the stone was thought to make the wearer invisible, and was highly recommended to thieves. It is a rather soft stone and needs care with handling. Do not immerse in hot water or a sonic cleaner.

Metaphysical – This opal is said to regulate the body’s enzymes and to reduce allergic reactions. It is also tought to help with respiratory problems and to strengthen the memory.

Mohs Hardness - 5.5-6.5

Found in – Ethiopia, Australia, Austria, Honduras, Brazil, Mexico, Zimbabwe, and the USA.

History – Opal is a semi-transparent solidified mineral composed of silicon and water. White Opal refers to the light background color of the stone behind the play of color. The name is derived from the Latin opalus and Sanskrit upala meaning “precious stone”. The Greek term opallios translates "to see a change in color". Opal is the primary birthstone for October and the accepted gem for the 13th wedding anniversary. The oldest known opal mine is in Czechoslovakia and dates to 14th century. Popularity of opal suffered in 19th century, partially due to Sir Walter Scott's novel of a cursed stone and was thought to be bad luck. Queen Victoria promoted the stone in 1800s by giving opal jewelry to her children. In the middle ages, the stone was thought to make the wearer invisible, and was highly recommended to thieves. The Romans believed opal to be the symbol of hope and called it cupid paederos or the child as beautiful as love, they also considered the wearer to be safe from disease. The Arabs thought the opal fell from the sky with flashed of lightning and the Greeks thought it gave the gift of foresight and prophesy to the owner. Today, Australia is major source for opal and supplies abt 85% of the world’s opal. It is a rather soft stone and needs care with handling. Do not immerse in hot water or a sonic cleaner. Opal is graded by size/cut/rarity/base color/fire color/fire intensity/fire pattern and fire consistency. Opals have been imitated by Slocum Stone, a tough manmade glass, and in 1973, Gilson made an imitation opal in the laboratory, which is popular today.

Metaphysical – said to assist in recalling past incarnations, to develop psychic powers, bring out inner beauty, and draw money and luck.

Mohs Hardness – 3

Found in – waters worldwide

History – Pearls are formed when a foreign particle of some sort is introduced into certain varieties of mollusks. This irritant is combated by coating the particle with a lustrous substance known as Nacre. As layer after layer of nacre coats the irritant, a pearl is formed. The formation of a pearl can take many years, depending on the size. Pearls are the primary birthstone for June and the accepted stone fot he 1st, 3rd, 12th and 30th wedding anniversaries. It is also the stone for the zodiac signs of Gemini and Cancer. Pearls fall into many categories, including natural pearls – which were formed with human interference, cultured pearls, formed by intentionally placing an irritant into a mollusk or oyster, blister pearls, which form as a lump on the shell, and mabe pearls, which are cultivated blister pearls. Other pearls have descriptive names including baroque pearl, which are irregularly shaped, freshwater or rice pearls, which are from freshwater mollusks, and seed pearls which are very small. Care should be taken in the cleaning of pearls as they can easily be damaged. Use only very mild soap and water. Harsh chemicals can strip a pearl’s luster and, as they are organic in nature, they are very suseptible to dyes anc colorings, which can be absorbed into the pearl.

Metaphysical - Thought to help alleviate headaches and migraines, reduce allergies, and to promote wisdom and contentment into the advanced years.

Mohs Hardness – 3-4

Found in – The Persain Gulf, Coasts of northern Australia and Japan

History – Pearls are formed when an irritant, such as a grain of sand is introduced into certain types of oysters. The oyster then, in an effort to reduce the irritation caused by the foreign matter, coats the particle with a substance called nacre. In time, the layers of nacre build to create a pearl. Mabe Pearls are formed when the irritant is located against the shell of the oyster, causing the nacre to adhere to the shell wall and forming a “blister” or half pearl. These Mabe Pearls are then cut with a portion of the shell surrounding them to enhance their uniqueness and beauty.

Metaphysical - Thought to help alleviate headaches and migraines, reduce allergies, and to promote wisdom and contentment into the advanced years.

Mohs Hardness – 3-4

Found in – Costal waters worldwide

History – Mother of Pearl refers to the inner pearlescent shell of the Abalone Shell, a shellfish that can be found in costal waters worldwide. Natural mother of pearl is usually a creamy tan color but is often dyed to a more pure white shade and shows a pearlescent glow when polished. Care should be taken when grinding and polishing this shell as the dust is abrasive when inhaled and can cause severe irritation to the lungs. Mother of Pearl is frequently ground into small beads which are then inserted into oysters, prompting the formation of cultured pearls.

Mohs Hardness - 6.5-7

Found in – Burma (Myanmar), Norway, Australia, Brazil, South Africa, New Mexico & Arizona, and recently from Pakistan.

History – Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine. Its name is probably derived from the French word peritot, which meand unclear, as they were the first to call this stone by name and not under the general classification of Topaz. The color is due to the iron content, the amount of iron determines the color saturation. Before the advent of modern chemistry, stones were classified by color only and all green stones were known as emeralds. The stone was mined on St John's Island (Zebirget) in the red sea, as early as 1300BC. At that time the island was known as Topazios and the stone was called topaz. Egyptian pharoahs liked this stone and it was often mined under very harsh conditions. It is said that pirates discovered peridot on Zebirget but the island was often hidden by heavy fog and its location was lost for centuries. It was rediscovered in the 1900s, but is no longer accessible for collecting. Peridots have even been found in meteorites. Peridot is the primary birthstone for August.and the stone designated for the 16th wedding anniversary.

Metaphysical – This stone is associated with the sun and is believed to have the power to break evil spells and dispel the mysteries of the dark. During the Middle Ages it was worn to gain foresight and divine inspiration. Crusaders brought this stone to Europe in the Middle Ages from St. John's Island. Some of the popularity of emeralds comes from Cleopatra, and a portion of that popularity should rightfully belong to high quality peridot since some, if not all of Cleopatra's "emeralds" were no doubt peridot. Legend says that drinking from a peridot goblet can increase the potency of medicines and that a stone placed under the tongue of a fevered patient can lessen their thirst. In modern times, it is considered to be for stomach, ulcers, colitis, digestion, wards off stress, fears, and guilt, for nervous tension, and helps rejuvenate the body. It is said to symbolize cheerfulness and promote friendships, and to combat sadness, depression & negativity.

Olivine - can be found in solidified volcanic lava and meteorites, but only the gem variety is actually called Peridot. Olivine has economic value as it is used to extract magnesium.

Mohs Hardness - 7

Found in – Worldwide, including Mexico and the USA

History - Petrifed wood occurs when the woody part of a tree is buried and becomes replaced by varouis minerals, including Agate, Jasper and Opal. This process can occur anywhere given that the wood is enclosed in mud, etc. to prevent decomposition.

Metaphysical – thought to be for security, connection to earth, comforting, and ancient powers. Petrified wood is also believed to help recall memories of former lives and symbolize man’s connection with nature.

Mohs Hardness - 7

Found in - Louisiana and Texas

History - Petrified Palm wood is the official state stone of Louisiana and Texas.

It has a very distinctive pattern that differs from other petrified woods. The background of the stone is usually a creamy white to a deep butter yellow and can have a pattern of small brown dots or long brown streaks, depending on whether the stone was cut with the grain of the needles or across it. Entire stumps of this type of wood have been found in Louisiana and Texas. Petrifed wood occurs when the woody part of a tree is buried and becomes replaced by varouis minerals, including Agate, Jasper and Opal. This process can occur anywhere given that the wood is enclosed in mud, etc. to prevent decomposition.

Metaphysical – thought to be for security, connection to earth, comforting, and ancient powers.

Mohs Scale – 7

Found in – Western Australia

History – Petrified Peanut Wood Petrifed wood occurs when the woody part of a tree is buried and becomes replaced by varouis minerals, including Agate, Jasper and Opal. This process can occur anywhere given that the wood is enclosed in mud, etc. to prevent decomposition.

Metaphysical – thought to be for security, connection to earth, comforting, and ancient powers.

Mohs Hardness - 7

Found in – Oregon and Nevada

History – Swamp Bog Petrified Wood is usually a medium greenish color with fine lines of darker green and yellow. Petrifed wood occurs when the woody part of a tree is buried and becomes replaced by varouis minerals, including Agate, Jasper and Opal. This process can occur anywhere given that the wood is enclosed in mud, etc. to prevent decomposition.

Metaphysical – thought to be for security, connection to earth, comforting, and ancient powers.

Mohs Hardness – 6

Found in - Utah

History – Picasso Marble is usually found in shades of tan brown and black with black lines and scenic patches of color. Marble is a classic sculptors stone and comes in many different colors. Marble was once limestone in the Precambrian era, when touched by hot magma and pressure, altered the limestone. Other minerals from the magma then infiltrated the limestone causing feathery lines and beautiful designs found in picasso marble from Utah.

Mohs Hardness – 7

Found in – Namibia and China

History – Pietersite is a form of silified riebeckite with limonite from southwest Africa. It is a combination of golden-brown and deep blue gray with iridescent flashes. It has also been called the Tempest Stone, possibly as it's markings make it look like a stone with a storm in it. Considered a type of tiger eye, it is a combination of quartz and crocidolite which has been broken into fragments or brecciated and then recemented by silica. Pietersite is named for Sid Peters, the dealer who began importing it from Namibia in the 1970’s. When the stone is found in that area, it is in the form of rounded nodules in the soil. These nodules are probably worn from the actual source, which has never been located. The Namibia n material has become very scarce. Pietersite has also been found in China and this material tends to be more of the red-gold variety, and is also not very plentiful.

Metaphysical – is considered to be for strenth and energy

Mohs Hardness – 7

Found in - USA, Australia and South Africa

History - Prase is a dark green to yellow chalcedony that is actually a fibrous variety of quartz, first imported from the Orient by Carthage. The name is thought to be derived from the Greek prasinos(leek green). In ancient times prase was used more as a healing stone than a gemstone. Legends say that Apollo’s temple was built mostly of Prase to create inner calm for the priests and to help them make balanced judgements.

Metaphysical - In ancient times an athlete would wear it on an amulet to ensure victory. Prase was used in the middle ages to treat eye injuries, and in modern times it is thought to alleviate pain, promote wound healing, improve circulation, promote self control and cool hot tempers.

Mohs Hardness – 6

Found in – Australia, Austria, Italy, Germany, France, UK, South Africa & the USA.

History – Prehnite usually occurs as a pale greenish yellow color and can be translucent to transparent. It polishes to a high luster and glows bright red under a blacklight, earning it popularity in jewelry worn to clubs, etc.

Mohs Hardness – 5

Found in – Virginia, Michigan, Arizona, Germany, Cornwall and Brazil

History – This stone is a mixture of Hematite, which shows as a metallic black and Pyrolusite, which shows as a metallic grey. It is an ore of manganese and gets its coloring from that mineral. It ofted has bands of the two colors and can sometimes form “bullseyes” of banding.

Mohs Hardness – 6

Found in – Sweden USA, Mexico, Peru, Chile and Australia.

History - Pyrite is a brassy yellow in color, and is often mistaken for gold (in fact, it is sometimes known as fool's gold) The name comes from the Greek word pyr, meaning fire, since sparks are caused if pyrite is struck with a hammer. Usually found in cubes, and used in jewelry for thousands of years by Greeks, Romans, and Incas. In ancient times it was used in powdered form to treat boils, up until the 1800's. It was sometimes called Inca's mirror, as decorated mirrors were found in the tombs of Peru. In the middle ages, most alchemists believed that pyrite could be turned into gold. Today it is used in costume jewelry, but it is brittle and requires careful cutting.

Metaphysical – said to be helpful for treating lung problems, to solve problems, for knowledge, increases mental capacity, money and luck.

Mohs Hardness – 4

Found in – Russia

History – Pyritized Ammonites are found in iron rich soil and are the result of the fossilization of ammonites which then filled with pyrite crystals. These fossils can be seen as hollow chambers with tiny crystals lining the walls, or can be completely filled with pyrite.

Mohs Hardness – 6

Found in – Arizona and New Mexico

History – Apache Gold is actually a pyrite agate and its name evolved from the tribal Apaches, who considered this stone a good luck stone that could protect against illness and death in battle.

Pyrite is a brassy yellow in color, and is often mistaken for gold (in fact, it is sometimes known as fool's gold) The name comes from the Greek word pyr, meaning fire, since sparks are caused if pyrite is struck with a hammer. Usually found in cubes, and used in jewelry for thousands of years by Greeks, Romans, and Incas. In ancient times it was used in powdered form to treat boils, up until the 1800's. It was sometimes called Inca's mirror, as decorated mirrors were found in the tombs of Peru. Today it is used in costume jewelry, but it is brittle and requires careful cutting.

Metaphysical – Apache Gold is thought to stimulate the release of toxins, to treat loss of appetite, for respiratory infections, to bring peace and harmony to the wearer, and to promote clear thinking.

Mohs Hardness – 7

Found in – Brazil, Zambia, Uruguay, Russia, Canada, South Africa, Germany, Namibia , Australia, Sri Lanka & USA.

History - a form of quartz. Its name is derived from the Greek word amethustos (not drunken) as ancient belief held that anyone wearing amethyst could not become intoxicated, and that drinking from a cup made of Amethyst could prevent drunkenness. Colors vary from light to dark purple. The best specimens are from Brazil, Russian stones have a reddish tinge, and Canadians are violet. Amethyst is colored by iron. It is the primary birthstone for February and the accepted stone for the 4th, 6th and 17th wedding anniversaries. According to Greek legend, Bacchus, the god of wine, created this stone. To avenge an insult, he vowed to have a tiger devour the first person he met. That person happened to be a beautiful young maiden named Amethyst. The maiden cried out for Diana to save her and was turned into a brilliant white crystal. When Bacchus saw what he had done, he was filled with remorse and poured wine over the stone maiden, turning her a lovely violet color. Amethyst was favored by the early Christians and is still the traditional stone in a bishop's ring. It is considered to be both the ancient and modern birthstone for February.

Metaphysical – for headaches, alcoholism, overindulgence, meditation, and wisdom. It has long been thought to attract justice, and to protect against burglars and thieves. It is also said to ward off danger and violent death.

Mohs Hardness – 7

Found in – Western USA

History - A form of quartz with black manganese inclusions, which appear like small plants, hence the name. This material is usually cut as a cabochon. Name derived form Greek word amethustos (not drunken) belief held that anyone wearing amethyst could not become intoxicated. Amethyst is colored by iron. According to Greek legend, Bacchus, the god of wine, created this stone. To avenge an insult, he vowed to have a tiger devour the first person he met. That person happened to be a beautiful young maiden named Amethyst. The maiden cried out for Diana to save her and was turned into a brilliant white crystal. When Bacchus saw what he had done, he was filled with remorse and poured wine over the stone maiden, turning it a lovely violet color.

Metaphysical – for headaches, alcoholism, overindulgence, meditation, and wisdom. It has long been thought to attract justice, and to protect against burglars and thieves. It is also said to ward off danger and violent death.

Mohs Hardness – 7

Found in – Bolivia, Brazil

History - also known as trystine, a unique bicolor stone that occurs naturally. It represents two quartzes in a single stone, citrine and amethyst. Discovered in 1977. Color is honey yellow citrine and purple amethyst Usually from Bolivia, but can be reproduced by heating.

Metaphysical – Ametrine is said to strengthen the nerves, and encourage healing after illness. It is also said to enhance the wearer’s creativity and symbolizes growth and a confident attitude.

Mohs hardness – 7

Found in – Brazil

History – A type of Quartz that is half citrine and half smoky quartz. The Citrine is colored by iron and the Smoky area is colored by aluminum. Quartz is a common mineral that can occur in a wide variety of colors, it’s name is derived from the Slavic word kwardy (hard). It has valuable electrical and optical properties and is used in radios, watches, microscopes, etc. Quartz and Tourmaline are the only common gems known to be pzieoelectric (capable of producing opposite electrical charges when pressure is exerted upon both ends of a crystal. Quartz has been used since prehistoric times, and now finds uses as lenses, and in the manufacture of glass and porcelain, and abrasives.

Metaphysical – Quartz is believed to have healing powers. The Greeks called quartz the "ice of eternity" because they thought the Gods formed the crystal by an irreversible freezing process. They learned that the sun's rays could be used to ignite things when focused through a rock crystal. Priests were given sole charge of this sacred fire and the idea that "petrified" water could create fire remained a great mystery in ancient times & gave many magical attributes to rock crystal. It was the favorite of soothsayers, hence the crystal ball. It was also through perfecting a technique of melting quartz that the Egyptians invented glass, almost 5000 years ago. Today it is thought to be a psychic amplifier, capable of divine and clairvoyant inspiration. Also considered to be an all around healer, to break bad habits, restore physical energy, protect against infection and injury, for headaches, and insomnia

Mohs Hardness – 7

Found in – Brazil, France, Madagascar, Russia and Colorado

History –Citrine is a type of quartz, sometimes mistaken for topaz. The name comes from the French citron (lemon). The yellow color is due to the presence of iron. This stone has been used in jewelry since Greek and Roman times. It ranges from light to medium gold. Gem quality is rare and most stones on the market today have been heated to clarify the color. This stone is considered to be one of the birthstones for November, and the accepted stone for the 13th and 17th wedding anniversaries. It is the Zodiac stone for Virgo.

Metaphysical - Worn as a protective talisman and used for medicinal purposes to aid digestion and cleanse toxins from the body. Caesar’s soldiers were reported to have worn Citrine on their chests as it was thought to have life saving properties in battle. To some it symbolized lightheartedness and joy. Also for self-discipline, family problems, lack of concentration & to renew determination.

Mohs Hardness – 7

Found in - Worldwide, but the best crystals are from Brazil. In the USA, locations include Arkansas & Herkimer NY.

History – Crystal Quartz is a common mineral that can occur in a wide variety of colors, it’s name is derived from the Slavic word kwardy (hard). It has valuable electrical and optical properties and is used in radios, watches, microscopes, etc. Quartz and Tourmaline are the only common gems known to be pzieoelectric (capable of producing opposite electrical charges when pressure is exerted upon both ends of a crystal. Quartz has been used since prehistoric times, and now finds uses as lenses, and in the manufacture of glass and porcelain, and abrasives.

Metaphysical – Quartz is believed to have healing powers. The Greeks called quartz the "ice of eternity" because they thought the Gods formed the crystal by an irreversible freezing process. They learned that the sun's rays could be used to ignite things when focused through a rock crystal. Priests were given sole charge of this sacred fire and the idea that "petrified" water could create fire remained a great mystery in ancient times & gave many magical attributes to rock crystal. It was the favorite of soothsayers, hence the crystal ball. It was also through perfecting a technique of melting quartz that the Egyptians invented glass, almost 5000 years ago. Today it is thought to be a psychic amplifier, capable of divine and clairvoyant inspiration. Also considered to be an all around healer, to break bad habits, restore physical energy, protect against infection and injury, for headaches, and insomnia.

Mohs Hardness - 7

Found in - Herkimer County, New York

History – Herkimer Diamonds are a specific type of clear quartz found in Herkimer N.Y. The Iroquois called them Dream Stones. Herkimers are naturally double terminated crystals of quartz.

Crystal Quartz is a common mineral that can occur in a wide variety of colors, it’s name is derived from the Slavic word kwardy (hard). It has valuable electrical and optical properties and is used in radios, watches, microscopes, etc. Quartz and Tourmaline are the only common gems known to be pzieoelectric (capable of producing opposite electrical charges when pressure is exerted upon both ends of a crystal. Quartz has been used since prehistoric times, and now finds uses as lenses, and in the manufacture of glass and porcelain, and abrasives.

Metaphysical – Herkimer Diamonds are thought to increase the effectiveness of other stones, to relieve tension and boost energy, and open the wearer to new impressions.

Mohs hardness – 7

Found in – Brazil and Uruguay

History –Praisolite is the name given to green quartz and is sometimes called green amethyst. It is usually a pale mint green, and was very rare until the early 1900’s where more was discovered in Brazil and Uruguay. Quartz is a common mineral that can occur in a wide variety of colors, it’s name is derived from the Slavic word kwardy (hard). It has valuable electrical and optical properties and is used in radios, watches, microscopes, etc. Quartz and Tourmaline are the only common gems known to be pzieoelectric (capable of producing opposite electrical charges when pressure is exerted upon both ends of a crystal. Quartz has been used since prehistoric times, and now finds uses as lenses, and in the manufacture of glass and porcelain, and abrasives.

Metaphysical – Quartz is believed to have healing powers. The Greeks called quartz the "ice of eternity" because they thought the Gods formed the crystal by an irreversible freezing process. They learned that the sun's rays could be used to ignite things when focused through a rock crystal. Priests were given sole charge of this sacred fire and the idea that "petrified" water could create fire remained a great mystery in ancient times & gave many magical attributes to rock crystal. It was the favorite of soothsayers, hence the crystal ball. It was also through perfecting a technique of melting quartz that the Egyptians invented glass, almost 5000 years ago. Today it is thought to be a psychic amplifier, capable of divine and clairvoyant inspiration. Also considered to be an all around healer, to break bad habits, restore physical energy, protect against infection and injury, for headaches, and insomnia

Mohs Hardness – 7

Found in – Brazil, Madagascar, & the USA (Colorado, California & Maine)

History – Rose Quartz is a form of quartz that can vary in color from very pale pink to deep rose pink. Its color is derived from Magnesium and Titanium and the color depends on the amount of mineral in the stone. Transparent rose quartz is rare and sometimes faceted, it is usually translucent to opaque. The color can fade when exposed to strong sunlight for long periods. Quartz is a common mineral that can occur in a wide variety of colors, it’s name is derived from the Slavic word kwardy (hard). According to legends, Eros brought Rose Quartz to earth in the hope that the beautiful color would arouse love and desire among the people. It has been an important fertility stone throughout history and was given to young girls in the middle ages as a love charm.

Metaphysical – This stone is thought to be a protection against radiation in the home, help treat pain associated with shingles, strengthens friendships, to help find true love and aid in weight loss.

Mohs hardness – 7

Found in – Brazil

History –Rutilated Quartz refers to clear quarts with the mineral Rutile imbedded inside. The mineral usually appears as a golden color and is sometimes given the nickname angel hair quartz. In ancient times it was called the Hair of Venus. It can, however come in other colors including, bronze, green and black, which is actually tourmilated quartz. Quartz is a common mineral that can occur in a wide variety of colors, it’s name is derived from the Slavic word kwardy (hard).

Metaphysical – Rutilated Quartz is said to contain the light of the sun adnis helpful for depression, coughs and the lungs, as a calming agent, and symbolizes truth – in that it will help the wearer to discover the thruth and makes it possible to bring about changes. It is believed that the more rutile within the stone, the stronger the stone’s properties are.

Mohs hardness – 7

Found in – Russia

History –Siberian Blue Quartz is a pale bluish colored Quartz from Russia that is then treated in a permanent irradiation process to become a deep sapphire blue. Quartz is a common mineral that can occur in a wide variety of colors, it’s name is derived from the Slavic word kwardy (hard). It has valuable electrical and optical properties and is used in radios, watches, microscopes, etc. Quartz and Tourmaline are the only common gems known to be pzieoelectric (capable of producing opposite electrical charges when pressure is exerted upon both ends of a crystal. Quartz has been used since prehistoric times, and now finds uses as lenses, and in the manufacture of glass and porcelain, and abrasives.

Metaphysical – Quartz is believed to have healing powers. The Greeks called quartz the "ice of eternity" because they thought the Gods formed the crystal by an irreversible freezing process. They learned that the sun's rays could be used to ignite things when focused through a rock crystal. Priests were given sole charge of this sacred fire and the idea that "petrified" water could create fire remained a great mystery in ancient times & gave many magical attributes to rock crystal. It was the favorite of soothsayers, hence the crystal ball. It was also through perfecting a technique of melting quartz that the Egyptians invented glass, almost 5000 years ago. Today it is thought to be a psychic amplifier, capable of divine and clairvoyant inspiration. Also considered to be an all around healer, to break bad habits, restore physical energy, protect against infection and injury, for headaches, and insomnia

Mohs hardness – 7

Found in – Brazil, USA, Scotland, India, Madagascar & Mexico

History –Smoky Quartz can be from light to dark brown with no trace of yellow and is colored by aluminum. Crystals that almost completely black are known as Morion Quartz.

Metaphysical – Smoky Quartz has been considered a protective stone since ancient times. It was thought to warn fighting soldiers of danger by turning darker. The Romans considered it a mourning stone that helped overcome grief, and in northern Europe, crosses and crucifixes are made from smoky quartz for its protective qualities. In Modern times it is said to strengthen muscles, bring inner caom, promote fertility, and overcome grief. Smoky Quartz symbolizes life, strength, and motivation to meet new challenges.

Mohs Hardness – 5

Found in – Mexico

History – This sedimentary stone is a relatively new find from Mexico and has been the subject of some question as to its makeup. It is usually found to be a mix of Jasper, Azurite, Mamachite and Chrysocholla that has been heavily stabilized to assist in cutting and polishing.

Mohs Hardness – 4

Found in – Colorado, Argentina, Romania & Russia

History – Rhodochrosite is a calcite mineral that features some variegated banding from its stalagmitic formation. It was first discovered in an old mine in Argentina before WWII. It was believed that the Incas worked the mine in the 13th century, and thus the stone was referred to as Inca rose. Its name is derived from Greek rhodon (pink). The color of the stone is usually dark rose pink with light cream colored banding. Crystals of deep transparent raspberry red are prized from the Sweet Home Mine in Alma Colorado, and are usually faceted. This mine has recently closed, however, due to its depth. Rhodochrosite’s color is from manganese.

Metaphysical - Said to be a rescue stone, for broken heart, to find new love, and prevent mental breakdown. It is also thought to stabilize the blood pressure, combat migraines, reduce stress, and help skin problems including acne.

Mohs Hardness – 6

Found in – Russia, Sweden, USA, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, England & British Columbia.

History – Rhodonite is a member of the pyroxene family, also known as the gemstone of the rose. Its name is from the Greek word acerhondona. It is a limestone of manganese, iron, magnesium and calcium silicates. Its distinctive blackish veining is due to manganese oxidation. Though rhodonite and rhodochrosite bear a resemblance, they are different stones. Rhodonite is harder and is most likely formed by the metamorphosis of rhodochrosite and other manganese minerals. Color is rose with greyish-black veining.

Metaphysical - said to be good for sleep, restores energy following trauma or shock, & heightens assuredness. Also considered to help improve cardiac function, prevent phobias, help cope with changing circumstances, and protect against anxieties and fears.

Mohs Hardness – 9

Found in – Burma(Myanmar), Thailand, Afganistan, Pakistan, Vietnam, India, North Carolina, Russia, Australia, Tanzania, Brazil, & Cambodia

History – Ruby is the red variety of corundum, one of the worlds most valuable gems. It’s n name is derived from Latin rubeus (red), and its color is due to a trace of chromic oxide, the amount of which determines the color. Ruby is very hard and durable. Rubies have been mined in Mogok in Burma for 15 centuries, and have provided the best Pigeon's Blood stones. The largest ever was 400 carats. This location is now politically unstable and rubies from that area are sometimes smuggled out of the country through Thailand due to trade imbargos. Ruby is 20 times more rare than blue sapphire, and can sometimes have impurities called ruby silks - small inclusions of rutile that creates a "star" effect moving across the surface. Ruby will also glow like a hot coal under ultra-violet light. Legends say that the bowl of the Holy Grail was formed from a ruby.

Metaphysical - Believed to have great powers. It was said that owning a ruby will provide a peaceful, harmonious, & healthy life, & that the owner was to touch the 4 corners of his land with the ruby to ensure this. It is considered to have greater effect when set in gold and when worn on the left side of the body. It is said to grow dark when danger threatens and to return to it's previous color when the crisis is over. This was expecially thought to be true during the plagues of the middle ages. Also thought to control one's passions and thoughts. Represents heat, life and power. Rubies have been worn as a protection from plague, poison, sorrow, and evil spirits. The ancient Hindu's considered the ruby the "lord of gems". To them, it burned with an inextinguishable fire, one that could boil water in which it was placed. The Greeks believed it could melt wax. In India it was said that he who offered rubies to the gods would be reincarnated as a powerful king or emperor. The Burmese felt that a ruby should not be just worn, but imbedded in the skin to become part of the body, thus making the wearer invulnerable. It was also thought that a darker stone was unlucky and a lighter one was a good omen. In the Middle Ages, it was used as an antidote to venom and a cure for plague and when placed on a wound, was supposed to stop bleeding. Also thought to cure syphillis. Modern day metaphysical beliefs are that rubies will promote long life, protect sensitive natures, and provide mental balance.

Mohs Hardness – 7

Found in - Tanzania

History – Ruby Zoisite is actually rubies imbedded in a matrix stone that is in the same family of gems as tanzanite. It’s color is a variegated light and dark green, sometimes with spotting and has an occasional crystal of ruby imbedded within the stone. It is very durable and highly prized as a carving material, where the trick is to carve a red aminal or flower on a green branch, etc., all from the same stone. Zoisite was discovered in the nineteenth century and was named after the founder, Baron von Zois. The more famous blue variety of this stone is called Tanzanite. Anyolite - green zoisite rock usually with black hornblende and red corundum crystals mixed in from Tanzania .

Metaphysical – Thought to protect during pregnancy, strengthen the immune system, and detoxify the body.

Mohs Hardness – 9

Found in - Burma(Myanmar), Kashmir, Sri Lanka, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Cambodia, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Thailand, Zimbabwe, Montana & Nigeria.

History - All gem quality Corundum that is not red is called sapphire, but it is most commonly associated with the blue variety of the corundum family. Its name is derived from the Latin word - sapphirus and the Greek sappheiros (blue). Blue sapphire gets its color from titanium and iron oxides, the depth of color depends of the amount of oxides. The best Kashmir sapphire is cornflower blue. Montana sapphire tends to be a slate or metallic blue. The majority of fancy colored sapphire is from Sri Lanka. Sapphire is the primary birthstone for September and the accepted gemstone for the 5th, 23rd and 45th wedding anniversaries.

Metaphysical - Called the gem of heavens, Persians believed the earth rested on an enormous sapphire and the sky reflected its color. Legends say that the Ten Commandments were carved on a sapphire. It is thought to bring wisdom, spiritual enlightenment, mental clarity, protection & relieve mental goals. It is said that a sapphire held under the tongue will act as a tonic when someone is run down. It was also used at one time to treat scorpion and snake bites. In modern times it is thought to heal problems of the nervous system, strengthen willpower and give the strength to get better. Sapphire symbolizes faith, loyalty and friendship.

Mohs Hardness – 9

Found in – Sri Lanka

History – This is a very rare pinkish orange sapphire. It is the only variety of corundum other than ruby that is given it's own name, rather than being referred to as a sapphire of a particular color. The name derives from a Sinhalese word meaning "lotus blossom".

Mohs Hardness – 9

Found in – India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar

History – Star Sapphire is a type of corundum that is named for the distinctive six ray star visible under a single light source. The effect is known as an asterism. Known as the Stone of Destiny, the three crossed lines are said to represent faith, hope, and destiny. Legend claims these stones are actually sparks from the Star of Bethlehem. Other legends believe the star is formed by three benign spirits, imprisoned in the stone for some minor misdemeanor, and their names translate as above, Faith, Hope and Destiny. These spirits were thought to dwell in the stone and those who acquired a good one would have their fortunes changed for the better. Star Sapphires can be found in any color but are predominately in the colors of black,blue,grey and pink.

Mohs Hardness – 7

Found in – Brazil & Uruguay, China, India & Australia

History – The color is red-orange or black-white. This stone is a blend of onyx and sard, which is frequently used for cameos. It usually appears banded with white and the banding is straight as opposed to agate, which can have banding in several directions. This is the ancient birthstone for August.

Metaphysical - This stone was considered to be the stone of abundance, virtue and eloquence. Ancients believed that the stone brought courage to orators and bashful suitors. It is described in the Bible as one of the 12 foundation stones for the walls of the New Jerusalem. It is also considered to be an aid to speakers, for emotional confidence, happiness and self control, improves sensory perception, to sharpen the mind, and treat back problems.

Mohs Hardness – 6

Found in – Utah, California

History – Septarian Nodules come in colors of yellow gold, grey and brown. They were formed millions of years ago when the Gulf of Mexico reached into southern Utah. Decomposing sealife, killed by volcanic eruptions, had a chemical attraction for the sediment around them, causing mud balls. As the ocean receded, the balls were left to dry and crack. Because of their Bentonite content they also shrank at the same time, trapping the cracks inside. As the decomposed calcite from the shells were carried down into the crack in the mud balls, calcite crystals formed. A thin wall of calcite was transformed into aragonite, separating the bentonite heavy clay exteriors from the calcite centers. Because of this, the nodules are called Septarians.

Mohs Hardness – Between 2 and 4

Found in - Siberia

History - The gem variety of clinichlore, a mineral of the chlorite group. It is found in the Lake Baikal region of Siberia. Usually a deep green in color, with feathery inclusions of silver colored iridescent formations.

Metaphysical - to heal and purify.

Mohs Hardness – 5

Found in - Siberia

History – Seraphinite is the gem variety of clinichlore, a mineral of the chlorite group. It is found in the Lake Baikal region of Siberia. Usually a deep green in color, with feathery inclusions of silver colored iridescent formations – it can also occur in a deep golden color with a dark brown to black background.

Metaphysical - to heal and purify.

Mohs Hardness – 5

Found in – Italy, England, Wales, Scotland, Austria, France, Germany, South Africa, USA, China, New Zealand & Afganistan.

History - A group of green minerals that occur in masses of tiny crystals. The two main types are Bowenite which is translucent green or blue green, and the rarer Williamsite which is a translucent, oily light apple green serpentine with black spots of chromite. These types are used for jewelryand carving. Bowenite is sometimes used as an alternative to Jade.

Infinite - light green serpentine with bands of white chrysotile.

Verd Antique - Varigated green and black serpentine veined with white calcite used for countertops.

Verdite - Green spotted serpentine used for carving.

Metaphysical – Serpentine has been used since Roman times as a protection against the powers of darkness. Legends say that goblets of Serpentine would shatter if they came in contact with poison, so bowls and vessels were popular of this material. In the middle ages it was thought that keeping medicines in containers of serpentine would increase the strength of the medicines and make them last longer. In China, many potions were drunk from specially made containers. It was also said to protect against demonic powers, snake bites, and magic spells. In ancient America, serpentine was a guardian of energy and a protector of the soul. In modern times it is thought to treat cardiac irregularities, kidney disorders, stomach problems, even out mood swings, and to bring peace.

Mohs Hardness – 4

Found in – Waters off the coast of South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, Chile, Japan and Korea

History – Abalone is the variant of the Spanish name Abulón used for various species of shellfish from the Haliotidae family. The abalones belong to the large class of gastropods and are characterized by a richly coloured (on the inside—the outside is rough and mostly brown) shell yielding mother-of-pearl. Abalones are snail-like, with a distinct head at the front and a muscular foot for locomotion.

Mohs Hardness - 3.5

Found in – Waters around New Zealand

History - Paua shell is a type of shell from a mollusk belonging to the Haloitis family. It is found in the waters off New Zealand, and has been nicknamed “sea opal” due to its rich swirl of color. It is very popular in jewelry and inexpensive enough to be available for a wide variety of styles.

Metaphysical – said to increase potassium, magnesium, and calcium, and household efficiency.

Mohs Hardness - 5.5-6

Found in – Canada, Norway, USA, Brazil & Namibia

History – Sodalite is a mineral component of lapis lazuli, and is commonly mistaken for lapis because of similar appearance. However it rarely contains pyrite inclusions that are common in Lapis and will often show white chalky lines that are distinctive. The name is derived from the Greek words soda(salt) and lithos(stone) due to it’s high sodium content, and its color is medium blue. The most important commercial source of this stone is Bancroft in Ontario Canada. It was discovered during a royal visit by Princess Margaret of England. For this reason Sodalite from Bancroft is sometimes called Princess Blue.

Metaphysical – Sodalite has been known since antiquity as the stone of artists as it was thought to promote inspiration and creativity while providing protection. It was believed to develop musical skills in the wearer. It is also said to help with the thyroid, and diabetes, for courage and fearlessness, endurance, dispels guilt and fears, aids rational thinking.

Mohs Hardness – 8

Found in – Burma(Myanmar), Sri Lanka, Afganistan, Thailand, Australia, Sweden, Brazil & USA

History - Spinel is composed of magnesium aluminate and can be found in many different colors. Red is most popular and the color is due to chromium and iron. For many years spinel was thought to be a type of ruby and had a name, Balas Ruby. Most "rubies" brought home by the crusaders were spinel. One of the largest spinel ever found has a long medieval history and currently resides in the British imperial state crown. Spinels are sometimes found as stars and are cut as a cabochon to maximize the star effect.

Metaphysical - According to legend, the "balas ruby" affords the wearer the same benefits as actual ruby - Protection from disaster, and the power to enlarge the mind, control thoughts, and expand the imagination. It is recommended to be worn by Doctors and Nurses and all others in the medical profession. Spinel is also thought to help inflammations, speed revovery of diseases accociated with movement, and reduces stress and anxiety.

Mohs Hardness - 6-6.5

Found in – South Africa

History – Sugilite is named after the late professor Ken-ichi Sugi, the Japanese petrologist who discovered it in 1944. Most stones come from a South African mine in the Kalahari desert. Sugilite’s color is due to manganese oxide, and is typically is varying shades of purple with black veining. Sugilite can have several other names including Cybelene, Lavulite and Royal Azel.

Metaphysical – thought to disperse negative influences, cleanse and purify the spirit, and encourage positive action. Sugilite is said to alleviate problems of the nervous system, including epilepsy, and help combat life threatning diseases. It symbolizes self-control, and is said to help the wearer act logically and with determination in difficult situations.

Mohs Hardness - 6-6.5

Found in – Norway, India, Canada, Russia, and the USA (Oregon/Maine/New Mexico/New York/North Carolina/Pennsylvania/Virginia

History – Sunstone is a type of feldspar, a relative of moonstone and laboradorite, which was formed and crystallized by a lava flow. Its scientific name is Oglioclase and the nickname sunstone alludes to the lustrous sheen of stone. The sunstones color is dark and peachy orange-red with some color zoning. This color is due to the presence of copper and contains platy crystals of hematite that reflect the light when cut as a cabochon. A transparent variety of sunstone is found in Oregon and ranges in color from pale peach and yellows to deep rose reds. This material is usually faceted and stones tend to be small, under 4 carats. Sunstone has long been thought to be from the Greek sun god Helios because of it’s coloring. The Greeks believed that sunstone protected the earth from disaster and kept the sun on it’s proper course.

Metaphysical - Sunstone is thought to promote self healing, to promote cheerfulness, good humor, and good temper, to invigorate and relieve exhaistion, to assist decision making and help leadership.

Mohs Hardness - 6.5-7

Found in – Mererani, Tanzania

History – Tanzanite is a blue zoisite which is trichroic - meaning it often shows different colors when viewed from different directions. In 1967 a rich violet-blue transparent type of zoisite was discovered in Tanzania. The stone was named after this, the only country they are found, two years later. Tanzanites are now found in blue, green, yellow, pink, and brown, but all will change to a blue color when heated. The stone was added to the official December birthstone list in 2004. It has a low resistance to ultrasound, therefore, do not clean with ultrasonic cleaner. Zoisite was first discovered by Baron von Zois in Austria, and called Saualpite.

Metaphysical – thought to stabilize emotions, for grounding, security, brings happiness, enhances communicative abilities,

Mohs Hardness – 7

Found in - Burma, India, Sri Lanka, Germany, Australia, South Africa & the USA.

History – Tigers eye is a variety of quartz with very fine similarly oriented fibrous inclusions, which are known as Crocidolite. When cut in cabochon form, it sometimes produces a chatoyant effect (changeable luster). It typically displays a lustrous series of brown and yellow bands. Its golden brown color comes from hydrous oxide (limonite). Tiger’s eye can also occur in shades of blue and red or mixtures of these three colors.

Metaphysical - In India, it is regarded as a talisman to prevent the loss of wealth. It was thought to encourage a sense of humor and assist in childbirth, while applying it to the throats of children with whooping cough will help them bring up phlegm. It was also believed to protect children from evil spirits, cure rheumy eyes (when applied as a powder) and keep teeth clean when rubbed thoroughly over them. The powder was also thought to heal sores.

In modern times the stone is said to promote clear thinking, assist memory, for headaches and migraines, and nervous spasms, and to use as a psychic protector.

Mohs Hardness – 7

Found in – Australia

History – Marra Mamba is a type of Tiger-eye that is found in the Pilbara region of Australia. The most popular area is near Mount Brockman. This area is reported to be mostly mined out at present. True Marra Mamba Tiger-eye is a combination of reds, blues, greens and a yellowish golden. This stone is a combination of Quartz and crocidolite fibers that produce a chatoyant effect. The somewhat broken appearance is due to weathering and fragmentation of the stone, and then reformation with silica.

Metaphysical - In India, it is regarded as a talisman to prevent the loss of wealth. It was thought to encourage a sense of humor and assist in childbirth, while applying it to the throats of children with whooping cough will help them bring up phlegm. It was also believed to protect children from evil spirits, cure rheumy eyes (when applied as a powder) and keep teeth clean when rubbed thoroughly over them. The powder was also thought to heal sores.

In modern times the stone is said to promote clear thinking, assist memory, for headaches and migraines, and nervous spasms, and to use as a psychic protector.

Mohs Hardness – 7

Found in - Burma, India, Sri Lanka, Germany, Australia, South Africa & the USA.

History – Blue Tigers Eye is a variety of quartz with very fine similarly oriented fibrous inclusions, which are known as Crocidolite. It is also called Hawk’s Eye or Falcon’s Eye. When cut in cabochon form, it sometimes produces a chatoyant effect (changeable luster). Typically displays a lustrous series of blue bands. Its blue colors are formed when blue crocidolite is replaced by quartz. Tiger’s eye can also occur in shades of golden brown and red or mixtures of these three colors.

Metaphysical - In India, it is regarded as a talisman to prevent the loss of wealth. It was thought to encourage a sense of humor and assist in childbirth, while applying it to the throats of children with whooping cough will help them bring up phlegm. It was also believed to protect children from evil spirits, cure rheumy eyes (when applied as a powder) and keep teeth clean when rubbed thoroughly over them. The powder was also thought to heal sores.

In modern times the stone is said to promote clear thinking, assist memory, for headaches, and nervous spasms, and to use as a psychic protector.

Mohs Hardness – 7

Found in - Burma, India, Sri Lanka, Germany, Australia, South Africa & the USA.

History - a variety of quartz with very fine similarly oriented fibrous inclusions, which are known as Crocidolite. When cut in cabochon form, it sometimes produces a chatoyant effect (changeable luster). Typically displays a lustrous series of deep reddish bands. Its red color is derived from iron oxides. Tiger’s eye can also occur in shades of golden brown and blues or mixtures of these three colors.

Metaphysical - In India, it is regarded as a talisman to prevent the loss of wealth. It was thought to encourage a sense of humor and assist in childbirth, while applying it to the throats of children with whooping cough will help them bring up phlegm. It was also believed to protect children from evil spirits, cure rheumy eyes (when applied as a powder) and keep teeth clean when rubbed thoroughly over them. The powder was also thought to heal sores.

In modern times the stone is said to promote clear thinking, assist memory, for headaches, and nervous spasms, and to use as a psychic protector.

Mohs hardness – 7

Found in – California

History - The California type of tiger-eye is a silica-impregnated, white-to buff-colored, massive, fibrous tremolite (another asbestos mineral) that was collected for many years at Iowa Hill in Placer County. It is sometimes called Placer County tigereye.

Colors can vary due to the iron and/or magnesium content. However, true tremolite is predominantly magnesium rich and the more iron the stone has the more green it becomes.

It has a chatoyance similar to silkstone.

Mohs Hardness – 7

Found in – Africa

History – Tiger iron is actually a sedimentary stone and is composed of layers of tigereye alternating with hematite and sometimes even red jasper.

Mohs Hardness – 8

Found in – Brazil, Australia, USA, Africa, Sri Lanka, Myanmar & Japan

History – The name Topaz is most likely derived from the Sanskrit word tapaz (fire). A common misconception is that all topaz is yellow because of the birthstone color for November, Imperial yellow Topaz. Pure topaz is colorless, but can occur in a wide range of color, including yellow, brown, pink, red, blue, and green. The pink color is usually the result of heat treatment of brown crystals. Recent techniques in irradiation have been able to produce stable, treated topaz in almost any color of the rainbow.

Metaphysical - Ancient Greeks called it the "stone of strength". Topaz is attributed with many healing qualities. It was used to cure rabies, plague, skin ulcers, gout, and as an eye lotion when steeped in wine for 3 days and then rubbed on the eyes. Greeks set it in the tips of long wands to divine the whereabouts of gold and other precious metals. During Medieval times, it was thought to heal both physical and mental disorders and prevent death and epilepsy. It was thought to neutralize any liquid that had poison in it. In ancient times, Topaz was called the "iris stone" due to the way it's transparent variety diffracts light. It was believed to be capable of curing madness, and immunizing against venom. When worn on the left hand, it is said to temper carnal passions. In modern times it is reported to fight kidney and bladder ailments, lung disorders, asthma, help eyesight, relieve depression and disturbing emotions, fight nightmares, for arthritis, and helps weight loss.

Mohs Hardness – 8

Found in – Brazil, Australia, USA, Africa, Sri Lanka, Myanmar & Japan

History – Anastasia Topaz refers to a new irradiated variety of topaz that is an orange-pinkisk color. This color tends to mimic the padparadascha sapphire at a fraction of the cost. The name Topaz is most likely derived from the Sanskrit word tapaz (fire). A common misconception is that all topaz is yellow because of the birthstone color for November, Imperial yellow Topaz. Pure topaz is colorless, but can occur in a wide range of color, including yellow, brown, pink, red, blue, and green. Recent techniques in irradiation have been able to produce stable, treated topaz in almost any color of the rainbow.

Metaphysical - Ancient Greeks called it the "stone of strength". Topaz is attributed with many healing qualities. It was used to cure rabies, plague, skin ulcers, gout, and as an eye lotion when steeped in wine for 3 days and then rubbed on the eyes. Greeks set it in the tips of long wands to divine the whereabouts of gold and other precious metals. During Medieval times, it was thought to heal both physical and mental disorders and prevent death and epilepsy. It was thought to neutralize any liquid that had poison in it. In ancient times, Topaz was called the "iris stone" due to the way it's transparent variety diffracts light. It was believed to be capable of curing madness, and immunizing against venom. When worn on the left hand, it is said to temper carnal passions. In modern times it is reported to fight kidney and bladder ailments, lung disorders, asthma, help eyesight, relieve depression and disturbing emotions, fight nightmares, for arthritis, and helps weight loss.

Mohs Hardness – 8

Found in – Brazil, Australia, USA, Africa, Sri Lanka, Myanmar & Japan

History – Imperial Topaz refers to the naturally light to medium golden yellow topaz. This color has become increasingly rare and is one of the most expensive of the topaz family. It is considered to be one of the birthstones for the month of November, and the accepted stone for the 4th, 19th and 23rd wedding anniversaries. The name Topaz is most likely derived from the Sanskrit word tapaz (fire). A common misconception is that all topaz is yellow because of the popularity of this color of Topaz. Pure topaz is colorless, but can occur in a wide range of color, including yellow, brown, pink, red, blue, and green. Recent techniques in irradiation have been able to produce stable, treated topaz in almost any color of the rainbow.

Metaphysical - Ancient Greeks called it the "stone of strength". Topaz is attributed with many healing qualities. It was used to cure rabies, plague, skin ulcers, gout, and as an eye lotion when steeped in wine for 3 days and then rubbed on the eyes. Greeks set it in the tips of long wands to divine the whereabouts of gold and other precious metals. During Medieval times, it was thought to heal both physical and mental disorders and prevent death and epilepsy. It was thought to neutralize any liquid that had poison in it. In ancient times, Topaz was called the "iris stone" due to the way it's transparent variety diffracts light. It was believed to be capable of curing madness, and immunizing against venom. When worn on the left hand, it is said to temper carnal passions. In modern times it is reported to fight kidney and bladder ailments, lung disorders, asthma, help eyesight, relieve depression and disturbing emotions, fight nightmares, for arthritis, and helps weight loss. All Yellow Topaz is thought to counteract bad moods and calm irritability caused be lack of sleep.

Mohs Hardness – 8

Found in – Brazil, Australia, USA, Africa, Sri Lanka, Myanmar & Japan

History – London Blue Topaz is the name given to the deepest blue of the Topazes, almost a royal blue but usually with a slate shade. It is an enhanced color, achieved by a permanent irradiation process. This color is considered to be one of the birthstones for September, while not quite the same shade as a sapphire, it is considerably less expensive for a larger stone. The name Topaz is most likely derived from the Sanskrit word tapaz (fire). A common misconception is that all topaz is yellow because of the birthstone color for November, Imperial yellow Topaz. Pure topaz is colorless, but can occur in a wide range of color, including yellow, brown, pink, red, blue, and green. Recent techniques in irradiation have been able to produce stable, treated topaz in almost any color of the rainbow.

Metaphysical - Ancient Greeks called it the "stone of strength". Topaz is attributed with many healing qualities. It was used to cure rabies, plague, skin ulcers, gout, and as an eye lotion when steeped in wine for 3 days and then rubbed on the eyes. Greeks set it in the tips of long wands to divine the whereabouts of gold and other precious metals. During Medieval times, it was thought to heal both physical and mental disorders and prevent death and epilepsy. It was thought to neutralize any liquid that had poison in it. In ancient times, Topaz was called the "iris stone" due to the way it's transparent variety diffracts light. It was believed to be capable of curing madness, and immunizing against venom. When worn on the left hand, it is said to temper carnal passions. In modern times it is reported to fight kidney and bladder ailments, lung disorders, asthma, help eyesight, relieve depression and disturbing emotions, fight nightmares, for arthritis, and helps weight loss. Blue Topaz is particularly thought to promote artistic inspiration.

Mohs Hardness – 8

Found in – Brazil, Australia, USA, Africa, Sri Lanka, Myanmar & Japan

History – Mystic Fire Topaz is a newer shade of Topaz that shows an iridescent play of deep jewel colors including emerald green, sapphire blue, and amethyst purple. It is very popular as it tends to pick up shades of the colors that it is worn against. This color is achieved by introducing minerals to white topaz during the irradiation process. The name Topaz is most likely derived from the Sanskrit word tapaz (fire). A common misconception is that all topaz is yellow because of the birthstone color for November, Imperial yellow Topaz. Pure topaz is colorless, but can occur in a wide range of color, including yellow, brown, pink, red, blue, and green. Recent techniques in irradiation have been able to produce stable, treated topaz in almost any color of the rainbow.

Metaphysical - Ancient Greeks called it the "stone of strength". Topaz is attributed with many healing qualities. It was used to cure rabies, plague, skin ulcers, gout, and as an eye lotion when steeped in wine for 3 days and then rubbed on the eyes. Greeks set it in the tips of long wands to divine the whereabouts of gold and other precious metals. During Medieval times, it was thought to heal both physical and mental disorders and prevent death and epilepsy. It was thought to neutralize any liquid that had poison in it. In ancient times, Topaz was called the "iris stone" due to the way it's transparent variety diffracts light. It was believed to be capable of curing madness, and immunizing against venom. When worn on the left hand, it is said to temper carnal passions. In modern times it is reported to fight kidney and bladder

Mohs Hardness – 8

Found in – Brazil, Australia, USA, Africa, Sri Lanka, Myanmar & JapanHistory – Princess Blue Topaz is a soft medium shade of blue achieved thru a permanent irradiation process. The name Topaz is most likely derived from the Sanskrit word tapaz (fire). A common misconception is that all topaz is yellow because of the birthstone color for November, Imperial yellow Topaz. Pure topaz is colorless, but can occur in a wide range of color, including yellow, brown, pink, red, blue, and green. Recent techniques in irradiation have been able to produce stable, treated topaz in almost any color of the rainbow.

Metaphysical - Ancient Greeks called it the "stone of strength". Topaz is attributed with many healing qualities. It was used to cure rabies, plague, skin ulcers, gout, and as an eye lotion when steeped in wine for 3 days and then rubbed on the eyes. Greeks set it in the tips of long wands to divine the whereabouts of gold and other precious metals. During Medieval times, it was thought to heal both physical and mental disorders and prevent death and epilepsy. It was thought to neutralize any liquid that had poison in it. In ancient times, Topaz was called the "iris stone" due to the way it's transparent variety diffracts light. It was believed to be capable of curing madness, and immunizing against venom. When worn on the left hand, it is said to temper carnal passions. In modern times it is reported to fight kidney and bladder ailments, lung disorders, asthma, help eyesight, relieve depression and disturbing emotions, fight nightmares, for arthritis, and helps weight loss.

Mohs Hardness – 8

Found in – Brazil, Australia, USA, Africa, Sri Lanka, Myanmar & Japan

History – Sky Blue Topaz is the lightest of the blue shades of topaz and can be natural or enhanced by a permanent irradiation processe. It is usually very clear and pale blue and is often mistaken for Aquamarine, although it usually does not have any greenish shading. The name Topaz is most likely derived from the Sanskrit word tapaz (fire). A common misconception is that all topaz is yellow because of the birthstone color for November, Imperial yellow Topaz. Pure topaz is colorless, but can occur in a wide range of color, including yellow, brown, pink, red, blue, and green. Recent techniques in irradiation have been able to produce stable, treated topaz in almost any color of the rainbow.

Metaphysical - Ancient Greeks called it the "stone of strength". Topaz is attributed with many healing qualities. It was used to cure rabies, plague, skin ulcers, gout, and as an eye lotion when steeped in wine for 3 days and then rubbed on the eyes. Greeks set it in the tips of long wands to divine the whereabouts of gold and other precious metals. During Medieval times, it was thought to heal both physical and mental disorders and prevent death and epilepsy. It was thought to neutralize any liquid that had poison in it. In ancient times, Topaz was called the "iris stone" due to the way it's transparent variety diffracts light. It was believed to be capable of curing madness, and immunizing against venom. When worn on the left hand, it is said to temper carnal passions. In modern times it is reported to fight kidney and bladder ailments, lung disorders, asthma, help eyesight, relieve depression and disturbing emotions, fight nightmares, for arthritis, and helps weight loss. Blue Topaz is particularly thought to promote artistic inspiration.

Mohs Hardness – 8

Found in – Brazil, Australia, USA, Africa, Sri Lanka, Myanmar & Japan

History – Swiss Blue Topaz is the brightest and most vivid of the blue colors of topaz, the color is usually enhanced by permanent irradiation. It is considered one of the birthstones for the month of December. The name Topaz is most likely derived from the Sanskrit word tapaz (fire). A common misconception is that all topaz is yellow because of the birthstone color for November, Imperial yellow Topaz. Pure topaz is colorless, but can occur in a wide range of color, including yellow, brown, pink, red, blue, and green. Recent techniques in irradiation have been able to produce stable, treated topaz in almost any color of the rainbow.

Metaphysical - Ancient Greeks called it the "stone of strength". Topaz is attributed with many healing qualities. It was used to cure rabies, plague, skin ulcers, gout, and as an eye lotion when steeped in wine for 3 days and then rubbed on the eyes. Greeks set it in the tips of long wands to divine the whereabouts of gold and other precious metals. During Medieval times, it was thought to heal both physical and mental disorders and prevent death and epilepsy. It was thought to neutralize any liquid that had poison in it. In ancient times, Topaz was called the "iris stone" due to the way it's transparent variety diffracts light. It was believed to be capable of curing madness, and immunizing against venom. When worn on the left hand, it is said to temper carnal passions. In modern times it is reported to fight kidney and bladder ailments, lung disorders, asthma, help eyesight, relieve depression and disturbing emotions, fight nightmares, for arthritis, and helps weight loss. Blue Topaz is particularly thought to promote artistic inspiration.

Mohs Hardness – 8

Found in – Brazil, Australia, USA, Africa, Sri Lanka, Myanmar & Japan

History – Tavellite Topaz is a new shade of Topaz that shows an iridescent play of pastel colors. It is very popular as it tends to pick up shades of the colors that it is worn against. This color is achieved by introducing minerals to white topaz during the irradiation process. The name Topaz is most likely derived from the Sanskrit word tapaz (fire). A common misconception is that all topaz is yellow because of the birthstone color for November, Imperial yellow Topaz. Pure topaz is colorless, but can occur in a wide range of color, including yellow, brown, pink, red, blue, and green. Recent techniques in irradiation have been able to produce stable, treated topaz in almost any color of the rainbow.

Metaphysical - Ancient Greeks called it the "stone of strength". Topaz is attributed with many healing qualities. It was used to cure rabies, plague, skin ulcers, gout, and as an eye lotion when steeped in wine for 3 days and then rubbed on the eyes. Greeks set it in the tips of long wands to divine the whereabouts of gold and other precious metals. During Medieval times, it was thought to heal both physical and mental disorders and prevent death and epilepsy. It was thought to neutralize any liquid that had poison in it. In ancient times, Topaz was called the "iris stone" due to the way it's transparent variety diffracts light. It was believed to be capable of curing madness, and immunizing against venom. When worn on the left hand, it is said to temper carnal passions. In modern times it is reported to fight kidney and bladder ailments, lung disorders, asthma, help eyesight, relieve depression and disturbing emotions, fight nightmares, for arthritis, and helps weight loss.

Mohs Hardness - 7.7.5

Found in – Russia, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Myanmar, Tanzania, Namibia , South Africa, Zinbabwe, Mozambique, Kenya & the USA

History - There are currently 10 different varieties in the tourmaline family. The name is derived from ancient Singhalese term turmali (mixed colored stones). Tourmaline is estimated to have been used as a gem for over 2000 years, especially by the Chinese. In 1703 a package of this stone was sent by mistake to Amsterdam. The Dutch noticed that the stone attracted ashes and straw when heated, and named the stones aschenstrekkers (ash drawers). Magicians used it in Sri Lanka to tell prophecies from the ashes. Tourmaline and Quartz are the only two common stones known to be pzioelectric, or capable of producing opposite electrical charges when pressure is exerted on both ends of a crystal.

Metaphysical – In ancient times the stone was believed to glow with its own energy. It symbolized wealth, friendship and love.

• Types of Tourmaline:
• • Elbaite(multi), Verdilite(green),
• • Watermelon(pink & green),
• • Rubellite(pink to red),
• • Indicolite(blue),
• • Dravite(yellow to brown),
• • Achroite(clear), Schorl(black),
• • Pariba(neon blue green)
• • Siberite(purple)

Mohs Hardness - 7.7.5

Found in – Russia, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Myanmar, Tanzania, Namibia , South Africa, Zinbabwe, Mozambique, Kenya & the USA

History - There are currently 10 different varieties in the tourmaline family. The name is derived from ancient Singhalese term turmali (mixed colored stones). Tourmaline is estimated to have been used as a gem for over 2000 years, especially by the Chinese. In 1703 a package of this stone was sent by mistake to Amsterdam. The Dutch noticed that the stone attracted ashes and straw when heated, and named the stones aschenstrekkers (ash drawers). Magicians used it in Sri Lanka to tell prophecies from the ashes. Tourmaline and Quartz are the only two common stones known to be pzioelectric, or capable of producing opposite electrical charges when pressure is exerted on both ends of a crystal.

Metaphysical – In ancient times the stone was believed to glow with its own energy. It symbolized wealth, friendship and love.

Mohs Hardness - 7.7.5

Found in – Russia, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Myanmar, Tanzania, Namibia , South Africa, Zinbabwe, Mozambique, Kenya & the USA

History – Indicolite Tourmaline is the name given to the blue variety of tourmaline. This color can be from light shky blue to darkest royal blue. There are currently 10 different varieties in the tourmaline family. The name is derived from ancient Singhalese term turmali (mixed colored stones). Tourmaline is estimated to have been used as a gem for over 2000 years, especially by the Chinese. In 1703 a package of this stone was sent by mistake to Amsterdam. The Dutch noticed that the stone attracted ashes and straw when heated, and named the stones aschenstrekkers (ash drawers). Magicians used it in Sri Lanka to tell prophecies from the ashes. Tourmaline and Quartz are the only two common stones known to be pzioelectric, or capable of producing opposite electrical charges when pressure is exerted on both ends of a crystal.Metaphysical – In ancient times the stone was believed to glow with its own energy. It symbolized wealth, friendship and love. Blue Tourmaline is said to help detoxify the body, strengthen the immune system and reduce respiratory infections.

Mohs Hardness - 7-7.5

Found in – Russia, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Myanmar, Tanzania, Namibia , South Africa, Zinbabwe, Mozambique, Kenya & the USA

History – This is the name given to the pale pink to deep red colors of tourmaline. Deeper colors are usually more desirable with the raspbery red color the most expensive. Its color is due to the presence of manganese. There are currently 10 different varieties in the tourmaline family. The name is derived from ancient Singhalese term turmali (mixed colored stones). Tourmaline is estimated to have been used as a gem for over 2000 years, especially by the Chinese. In 1703 a package of this stone was sent by mistake to Amsterdam. The Dutch noticed that the stone attracted ashes and straw when heated, and named the stones aschenstrekkers (ash drawers). Magicians used it in Sri Lanka to tell prophecies from the ashes. Tourmaline and Quartz are the only two common stones known to be pzioelectric, or capable of producing opposite electrical charges when pressure is exerted on both ends of a crystal.

Metaphysical – In ancient times the stone was believed to glow with its own energy. It symbolized wealth, friendship and love. Red and pink Tuormalines are said to help the metabolism, and stimulate circulation.

Mohs Hardness - 7.7.5

Found in – Russia, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Myanmar, Tanzania, Namibia , South Africa, Zinbabwe, Mozambique, Kenya & the USA

History – Verdelite Tourmaline refers to all the green shades of Tourmaline. It’s color is due to the presence of ferrous iron, chromium or vanadium in the stone. The yellowish green color is the most common. There are currently 10 different varieties in the tourmaline family. The name is derived from ancient Singhalese term turmali (mixed colored stones). Tourmaline is estimated to have been used as a gem for over 2000 years, especially by the Chinese. In 1703 a package of this stone was sent by mistake to Amsterdam. The Dutch noticed that the stone attracted ashes and straw when heated, and named the stones aschenstrekkers (ash drawers). Magicians used it in Sri Lanka to tell prophecies from the ashes. Tourmaline and Quartz are the only two common stones known to be pzioelectric, or capable of producing opposite electrical charges when pressure is exerted on both ends of a crystal.

Metaphysical – In ancient times the stone was believed to glow with its own energy. It symbolized wealth, friendship and love. Green Tourmaline is said to help regulate blood pressure and strengthen the heart, stimulate digestion, & strengthen the immune system

Mohs Hardness - 7.7.5

Found in – Russia, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Myanmar, Tanzania, Namibia , South Africa, Zinbabwe, Mozambique, Kenya & the USA

History – Watermelon Tourmaline refers to bi-colored tourmaline of pink and green in the same crystal. Slices of this stone should have a green rind with a pink center. There are currently 10 different varieties in the tourmaline family. The name is derived from ancient Singhalese term turmali (mixed colored stones). Tourmaline is estimated to have been used as a gem for over 2000 years, especially by the Chinese. In 1703 a package of this stone was sent by mistake to Amsterdam. The Dutch noticed that the stone attracted ashes and straw when heated, and named the stones aschenstrekkers (ash drawers). Magicians used it in Sri Lanka to tell prophecies from the ashes. Tourmaline and Quartz are the only two common stones known to be pzioelectric, or capable of producing opposite electrical charges when pressure is exerted on both ends of a crystal.

Metaphysical – In ancient times the stone was believed to glow with its own energy. It symbolized wealth, friendship and love. Watermelon Tourmaline is thought to help alleviate pain, strengthen the immune system and protect the nerves.

Mohs Hardness - 6

Found in –

History – Turitella is a type of brown limestone with frequent inclusions of shell fossil .

Metaphysical – thought to increase domestic efficiency, and increase potassium, magnesium, and calcium absorption.

Mohs Hardness - 5-6

History – Turquoise is a soft opaque stone. The color is due to presence of copper, and iron often provides some greener tones, but is usually a light to medium blue. It sometimes has a rock matrix and varying shades of grey, brown, or black veining due to inclusions or oxide stains. It is one of the first gems ever used for jewelry, and was probably named after Turkey, an ancient source of the stone. Finished stones have been found with a 7500 yr old Egyptian mummy. Beads from Mesopotamia (Iraq) date back to 5000BC. Mining in the Americas started about 1000 yrs ago It is frequently treated or stabilized by impregnating with acrylic to prevent color change caused by acidic skin oils. The stone from Iran is highly prized and is sky blue. Stones from the U.S. and Mexico are greener and more porous. It is imitated frequently by Howlite, fossil bone, or limestone. Persian turquoise was introduced to Europe via Turkey which is how the name evolved, from the word Turkish. In pre-columbian America, Turquoise was sacred and could only be worn by the Aztec emperor. It was attached to his nose and the ritual piercing of the divine nostril was the equivalent of the coronation of a western king. Turquoise is one of the accepted birthstones for the month of December and the gift stone for the 5th and 11th wedding anniversaries.

Metaphysical - It has been thought in ancient times to warn the wearer of danger or illness by changing color. Used in the Orient as talismans against the evil eye. Another legend says that if a person wearing turquoise falls, the stone will shatter and he will escape injury.

In modern times it is reported as a protection stone, for inner joy and peace, aids mental relaxation, calms emotions, and increases communication abilities. It is also thought to help rheumatism, speed recoveries, and promote endurance.

Mohs Hardness - 6.5

Found in - South Carolina (Unaka Mountains)

History – Unakite is a variegated stone composed of quartz, pink feldspar, and green epidote. The intensity of the green depends in part on the amount of iron present. Named after the area where it was discovered - the Unaka range in South Carolina. Color is varying shades of green/pink/red. It is an altered type of granite, and is the state stone for South Carolina.

Metaphysical - This stone is thought to strengthen the immune system, to regain strength after an illness, and to stimulate the metabolism. It is said to help the wearer find thing that have been lost, to give optimism, and prevent sorrow, despair and self-pity.

Mohs Hardness - 4

Found in – Utah, Germany, Australia and Brazil

History – Variscite is characterized by a soft green color, often with tan or brownish matrix and has been confused with Turquoise. It is colored by phosphate and often has veining of white or tan through the stone.

Mohs Hardness - 6.5-7

Found in – Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, France, Norway, Tanzania & Australia.

History – Zircon’s name was probably derived from the Arabic zar (gold) and gun (color). It is found in Igneous rocks and comes in a variety of colors. The colorless stones closely resemble diamonds, but impurities will produce stones of yellow orange, blue, red, brown, and green. It may be distinguished from diamond by its double refraction and by wear and tear on its facet edges. When first removed from the water, crystals are dull, but take on brilliance after cutting. Blue zircon is most sought after as a gemstone, and many of the more common varieties are heated to turn them blue. It is a source of two rare metals, ziranium and hafnium which are used today in nuclear reactors. It is considered one of the birthstones for the month of December.

Metaphysical - In Middle Ages it was worn by travelers as an amulet for protection from sickness, injury and insomnia. It was believed to provide the wearer with wisdom, honor, and riches, and loss of luster is said to warn of danger. According to legend, Zircon is the stone of Venus and kindles a fire in the heart of its wearer. According to fable, the Zircon makes it's wearer so favored that all his ventures thrived. In modern times, it is thought to help the liver, asthma, lung problems, and stimulate metabolism. It is also said to symbolize healing and helpw the wearer overcome losses, heal mental disturbances and promote common sense.